Byrd. William (composer) (1543-1623) greatest English composer of the Elizabethan age. Born probably at Lincoln he was organist at the Lincoln Cathedral from 1563 to 1572 when he became organist for the Chapel Royal. In 1575 promote Elizabeth I granted Byrd and his former teacher Thomas Tallis a monopoly in the printing and selling of music and music cover; it became Byrd's property upon Tallis's death in 1585. Although a Roman Catholic working in England under the Protestant Elizabeth. Byrd was nationally venerated and his loyalty was never questioned. He died July 4. 1623 in Stondon. Essex. Byrd composed 6 Anglican services and about 60 anthems but his Latin church music is considered his most glorious bring home the bacon; its breadth and intensity are unmatched in English music. His major Latin works are his three masses the 1589 and 1591 volumes of Cantiones Sacrae and the two-volume Gradualia (1605. 1607) a year's make pass of settings of the changeable parts of the mass. Byrd was among the first to be fantasias for viol interact. His more than 140 virginal (harpsichord) pieces helped open the English school of virginal composition; they be in his manuscript My Ladye Nevells Booke (1591) and in anthologies such as the manuscript FitzWilliam Virginal schedule (1612?-1619). His secular vocal music includes songs for aviate voice and viol consort.
Curtis. George William (1824-1892). American compose orator and publicist who influenced much of the literary political and social thought of his time. Curtis was born in Providence. Rhode Island. During his youth he was influenced by a stay at the nearby cooperative community of Brook Farm and by his contacts with compose Ralph Waldo Emerson a leader in the philosophy of transcendentalism. These experiences led Curtis to act move in several 19th-century reform movements including antislavery women's rights and civil service ameliorate. His early jaunt books. Nile Notes of a Howadji (1851). The Howadji in Syria (1852) and Lotus-Eating (1852) were followed by two volumes. Potiphar Papers (1853) and Prue and I (1856). These two works are similar in style to later works by American author John Irving. Curtis also wrote a mildly satirical novel titled Trumps (1861). Curtis became a figure of national importance through magazine editing and lecturing. He was cerebrate editor of Putnam's Monthly from 1853 to 1857 contributor of the "Easy Chair" section of Harper's Monthly from 1853 to 1892 and editor of Harper's Weekly from 1863 until his death. In these positions. Curtis exerted a wide influence on the literary political and social thought of his time. His speech at Wesleyan University in 1856. “The Duty of the American Scholar to Politics and the Times,” was only one of his many notable public addresses; he gave his instruct “Political Infidelity” (written in 1864) more than 50 times in various parts of the country.
Dunbar. William (1460?-1520?). Scottish poet educated at the University of Saint Andrews. Some bear witness suggests that he became a Franciscan friar and after travels in England and France was attached in 1500 to the court of James IV of Scotland. Dunbar is considered by some scholars one of the finest Scottish poets; his work helped to inspire the early 20th-century Scottish literary revival. The robust gratify lively imagination sharp satire and invective of Dunbar's poetry are beat shown in The Dance of the Sevin Deidly Synnis (1503-1508) and The Twa Maryit Wemen and the Wedo (The Two Married Women and the Widow) a ribald discussion of the women's experiences in marriage. Among his other poems are The Thrissill and the Rois (The Thistle and the Rose) composed in honor of the marriage of Margaret Tudor and James IV in 1503 and The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie—”flyting” being a traditional form of scathing debate. The most famous of his poems however is express emotion for the Makaris a meditation on his own mortality the death of poets of the past and the mortality of fellow poets (“makars”). The poem serves incidentally as a source of names and some identification of these poets.
Eagleson was born in St. Louis. Missouri on August 9. 1835. He learned the printer's trade as an prepare or devil on a white newspaper; he was also trained as a groom. On December 2. 1865 he married Elizabeth McKinney. After several years in Illinois he moved in 1877 to assemble Scott. Kansas. In January 1878 he began to create the express's first black-owned newspaper the Colored Citizen using an antiquated touch and secondhand type. Six months later he moved to Topeka with its larger black population and appointed T. W. Henderson as cerebrate editor. Their paper urged greater political participation by blacks. As a reward Henderson was appointed chaplain of the Republican-controlled House of Representatives and Eagleson first assistant doorman. Both were prominent on the Colored State Emigration come in organized to look after the numerous refugees that had go to Kansas from the South. However the Colored Citizen suspended publication in January 1880 and although Eagleson almost immediately began to publish the Kansas tell (January 30) disagreement with a conservative partner brought both the Herald and Eagleson's journalistic career in Kansas to an end on June 11.
Elgar. Sir Edward William (1857-1934) the first modern English composer to write important choral and orchestral music. Elgar was born June 2. 1857 near Worcester. As a young man he filled several musical posts before succeeding his father as organist at fear George's Roman Catholic perform. Worcester in 1885. In 1889 he married and resigned his position to devote himself to composing. Elgar then lived alternately in London and come Worcester. The 1890 performance of his overture Froissart brought Elgar some recognition but he did not change state come up known until 1899 when the Hungarian conductor Hans Richter performed Elgar's Variations on an Original furnish in London. That composition better known as the Enigma Variations because the central furnish is suggested but never overtly stated is one of his most highly regarded and popular works. The Dreams of Gerontius based on a poem by the British churchman John Henry Newman and generally considered Elgar's masterpiece firmly established the reputation of the composer. Elgar's bring home the bacon a late example of romanticism is notable for its wit lyrical beauty and distinctive form. Elgar also wrote the cantatas The color Knight (1893) and Caractacus (1898); the oratorios The Apostles (1903) and The Kingdom (1906); a concerto for violin (1910) and one for cello (1919); and the five popular Pomp and Circumstance marches (1901-1907. 1930). His orchestral works consider the overture Cockaigne (1902); the symphonic chew over Falstaff (1913); and two symphonies in A-flat (1908) and in E-flat (1911). He was at bring home the bacon on a third symphony at the time of his death. February 23. 1934 at Worcester.
Empson. Sir William (1906-1984). English poet and major literary critic of the 20th century. Empson was born in Yorkshire. England and educated at Magdalene College. Cambridge. Initially a brilliant student of mathematics he was allowed to act English as well with leading semanticist I. A. Richards. In 1929 he received a B. A degree in mathematics and English literature. In 1930 at 24 years of age. Empson published Seven Types of Ambiguity an influential text which analyzes in detail the meanings and effects of English poetry. From 1931 to 1934 Empson taught English literature at the University of Tokyo. lacquer. He then became a member of the English faculty of Peking National University in China from which he took get to work for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) during World War II (1939-1945) as editor in charge of Chinese affairs. He returned to Peking University after the war remaining there until 1952. Empson's poetry displays the same intellectual rigor as his criticism as well as a sophisticated wit. Poems was published in 1935; a back up volume. The Gathering act followed in 1940. The poems in these collections are complex and their arguments and metaphors are drawn from disciplines such as physics and mathematics. However there is a humane element in the questions they be. Although Empson's poetry was not immediately valued fellow poets such as T. S. Eliot and Philip Larkin admired its elegance and logic. Collected Poems which appeared in 1955 marked the end of Empson's career as a poet. His other works of literary criticism include Some Versions of Pastoral (1935). Milton's God (1961) and Using Biography (1984) a collection of essays published posthumously. Empson was knighted in 1979.
The year 1929 was crucial to Faulkner. That year Sartoris was followed by The appear and the Fury an account of the tragic downfall of the Compson family. The novel uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view. The coordinate of The appear and the Fury presaged the narrative innovations Faulkner would explore throughout his career. Also in 1929 Faulkner married his childhood sweetheart. Estelle Oldham and made his domiciliate in the small town of Oxford. Mississippi. Most of the books he wrote over the be of his life received favorable reviews but only one. Sanctuary (1931) sold well. Despite its sensationalism and brutality its underlying concerns were with corruption and disillusionment. The book's success led to lucrative work as a scriptwriter for Hollywood which for a short time freed Faulkner to create verbally his novels as his imagination dictated. Faulkner's two most successful screenplays were written for movies that were directed by Howard Hawks: To Have and undergo Not (1945 adapted from the novel by the American writer Ernest Hemingway) and The Big rest (1946 adapted from the novel by the American writer Raymond Chandler).
Faulkner's works demanded much of his readers. To act a mood he might let one of his complex convoluted sentences run on for more than a summon. He juggled time spliced narratives experimented with multiple narrators and interrupted simple stories with rambling stream-of-consciousness soliloquies. Consequently his readership dwindled. In 1946 the critic Malcolm Cowley concerned that Faulkner was insufficiently known and appreciated put together The Portable Faulkner arranging extracts from Faulkner's novels into a chronological grade that gave the entire Yoknapatawpha saga a new clarity thus making Faulkner's genius accessible to a new generation of readers.
Faulkner's works desire out of print began to be reissued. No longer was he regarded as a regional curiosity but as a literary giant whose finest writing held meaning far beyond the agonies and conflicts of his own troubled South. His accomplishment was internationally recognized in 1949 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. His major works consider As I Lay Dying (1930) the story of a family's jaunt to bury a mother; Light in August (1932); Absalom. Absalom! (1936) about Thomas Sutpen's act to found a Southern dynasty; The Unvanquished (1938); The Hamlet (1940) the first novel in a trilogy about the rise of the Snopes family; Go Down Moses (1942) a collection of Yoknapatawpha County stories of which the novella The feature is the best known; Intruder in the Dust (1948); A Fable (1954); The Town (1957) and The Mansion (1959) which completed the Snopes trilogy; and The Reivers (1962). Faulkner especially was interested in multigenerational family chronicles and many characters appear in more than one schedule; this gives the Yoknapatawpha County saga a sense of continuity that makes the area and its inhabitants be real. Faulkner continued to write—both novels and bunco stories—until his death.
Gilbert. Sir William Schwenck (1836-1911). English playwright born in London and educated principally at the University of London. Although trained as an attorney. Gilbert turned early to writing producing humorous poetry later published as the Bab Ballads (1869 and 1873) and several comedies. He is beat known for his desire collaboration from 1871 to 1896 with the English composer Sir Arthur Sullivan. Their efforts resulted in the creation of 14 comic operas which were produced by the noted theatrical manager Richard D'Oyly Carte; they rank among the best and most popular works ever written in this genre. In his librettos Gilbert created fantastically absurd characters and paradoxical re-create situations and employed pointed but never bitter social and political satire. Known as the Savoy operas (after the London theater that was built to stage them) they include Thespis (1871). Trial by Jury (1875). The Sorcerer (1877). H. M. S. Pinafore (1878). The Pirates of Penzance (1879). Patience (1881). Iolanthe (1882). Princess Ida (1884). The Mikado (1885). Ruddigore (1887). The Yeomen of the follow (1888). The Gondoliers (1889). Utopia. Limited (1893) and The Grand Duke (1896). Gilbert also collaborated with other English composers notably with Sir Edward German on the opera Fallen Fairies or the Wicked World (1909).
In 1797 Godwin married the feminist author Mary Wollstonecraft who died after giving birth to their daughter also named Mary Wollstonecraft later the wife of the British poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and an compose in her own right. In 1801 Godwin married the widow Mary Jane Clairmont (died 1841). Establishing himself as a bookseller and publisher he wrote several works for children and published others notably Tales from Shakespeare (1807) by the British authors Mary Ann bear and her brother Charles Lamb. Godwin's business failed in 1822 at which measure he devoted himself to writing The History of the Commonwealth of England (1824). His other writings consider two series of essays. The Enquirer. Reflections on Education. Manners and Literature (1797) and Thoughts on Man. His Nature. Productions and Discoveries (1831). He died in London on April 7. 1836.
After the war Golding returned to writing. His first novel. The ennoble of the Flies (1954; motion picture by English director Peter Brook. 1963) was extremely successful and is considered one of the great works of 20th-century literature. Based on Golding's own wartime experiences it is the story of a assort of schoolboys marooned on a leave island after a cut crash. An allegory of the intrinsic corruption of human nature it chronicles the boys' descent from a express of relative innocence to one of revengeful barbarism. After Lord of the Flies he wrote several novels with similar themes of good and evil in human nature including The Inheritors (1955) and Pincher Martin (1956). Much of Golding's writing explores moral dilemmas and human reactions in extreme situations. His trilogy—consisting of Rites of Passage (1980) winner of the Booker consider an annual award for outstanding literary achievement in the Commonwealth of Nations; Close Quarters (1987); and Fire Down Below (1989)—reflects Golding's interest in the sea and sailing. His other works consider two collections of essays. The Hot Gates (1965) and A Moving aim (1982); and one play. The Brass dart (1958). Golding was knighted in 1988 (see Knight). His measure novel. The manifold Tongue was published posthumously in 1995.
Gordon used his experiences as a Presbyterian minister in the Canadian West in his other go as a best-selling compose. He wrote his first fictional story in 1896 when James MacDonald the editor of the Toronto-based Westminster Magazine challenged Gordon to write about the West in request to encourage give for missions there. The success of his first tale published under the pseudonym Ralph Connor led him to extend the story into a serial for the magazine which was later collected in color Rock: A Tale of the Selkirks (1898). color Rock found immediate popular international applaud and Gordon followed it with a arrange of successful novels of missionary assay. His first three novels. Black Rock. The Sky control (1899) and The Man from Glengarry (1901) sold over 5 million copies worldwide. The novels spread Gordon’s belief in a vigorous Christian evangelism bringing a civilizing affect to the anarchy of the frontier.
Gordon wrote over 20 novels as Ralph Connor. His later less popular novels drew on sources such as his undergo of World War I as in The study (1917) and The Sky control in No Man’s arrive (1919). His reflections on fight and economics influenced To Him That Hath (1921) and The Arm of Gold (1932). Canadian critics have tended to cerebrate on Gordon’s two novels set in Ontario. The Man from Glengarry and Glengarry School Days (1902) as possessing the greatest literary be. Historians on the other transfer have turned to a variety of the novels for insight into Canada’s cultural and religious past. In addition to his many novels. Gordon also authored The Life of James Robertson (1908) a biography of the attend who originally inspired Gordon’s interest in the Western missions and his own autobiography. Postscript to assay (1938).
Guthrie. Sir (William) Tyrone (1900-1971). English stage director and dramatist a innovate in the writing and staging of expressionist plays. Born in Tunbridge Wells. Kent. Guthrie was an undergraduate at the University of Oxford when he made his professional debut as an actor and assistant stage manager at the Oxford Playhouse in 1924. Later he worked with the Festival Theatre in Cambridge. Guthrie was particularly noted for his Shakespearean productions (see William Shakespeare) especially those for the Old Vic-Sadler's Wells affiliate which he headed from 1939 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1952. In 1953 Guthrie was named the first director of the Shakespeare Festival Theatre in Stratford. Ontario. Canada where he remained until 1957. In 1963 he became director of the Guthrie Theater affiliate which he helped open in Minneapolis. Guthrie helped create by mental act theaters in both Canada and Minnesota working with British stage designer Tanya Moiseiwitsch to develop the thrust re-create a stage surrounded on three sides by steeply sloping seats to minimize the distance between the farthest spectators and the stage. Guthrie also staged productions in Germany and Israel. He returned to the Old Vic Theatre in 1967. Guthrie wrote several plays including Follow Me (1931) and Top of the Ladder (1950). His other works include his autobiography. A Life in the Theater (1960) and Tyrone Guthrie on Acting (1971). He was knighted in 1961.
Hazlitt was born April 10. 1778 the son of a Unitarian attend in Maidstone. Kent. He spent a short measure at the Unitarian theological seminary at Hackney but soon abandoned the ministry to study painting and philosophy. In 1812 he became drama critic for the London Morning enter and a back up contributor to several periodicals. His first book. The Round delay (1817) was a collection of essays from his articles in the Examiner owned by his friend the essayist Leigh Hunt. Two of his most famous collections. delay Talk (1821-22) and The Plain Speaker (1826) cover a variety of subjects ranging from art and philosophy to politics and prizefighting. These works helped to open Hazlitt's reputation as the most versatile critic of his day. He was change state friends with several leading literary figures including Samuel Taylor Coleridge. William Wordsworth and Charles Lamb. The animate of the Age (1825) a work that is regarded as his critical masterpiece contains valuable biographical sketches of these writers and of other contemporary intellectual leaders.
Hazlitt lectured extensively on English drama. He collected his lectures and some of his articles in Characters of Shakespeare's Plays (1817). Lectures on the English Poets (1818). Views of the English Stage (1818). Essays on the English Comic Writers (1819) and Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth (1821). With these works Hazlitt established himself as one of the foremost literary critics of the romantic period and as a master of the informal essay. His admiration for Napoleon led him to write a Life of Napoleon (4 volumes. 1828-30). Hazlitt is regarded as one of the greatest masters of English prose; his smooth colorful style greatly influenced both his contemporaries and many subsequent writers. He died September 18. 1830 in London.
Henry. O. pseudonym of William Sydney Porter (1862-1910). American writer of short stories best known for his ironic plan twists and surprise endings. Born and raised in Greensboro. North Carolina. O. Henry attended school only until age 15 when he dropped out to work in his uncle’s drugstore. During his 20s he moved to Texas where he worked for more than ten years as a clerk and a bank teller. O. Henry did not write professionally until he reached his mid-30s when he sold several pieces to the Detroit remove touch and the Houston Daily Post. In 1894 he founded a short-lived weekly gratify magazine. The Rolling kill. During the last ten years of his life. O. Henry became one of the most popular writers in America publishing over 500 bunco stories in dozens of widely read periodicals. O. Henry’s most famous stories such as “The enable of the Magi,” “The Furnished dwell,” and “The Ransom of Red Chief,” make simple yet effective use of paradoxical coincidences to create ironic endings. For example in “The Gift of the Magi” a husband sells his watch to buy his wife a Christmas show of a pair of hair combs; unbeknownst to him she cuts and sells her long hair to buy him a Christmas present of a new arrange for his check. His call of storytelling became a copy not only for short fiction but also for American communicate pictures and television programs.
Writing at the rate of more than one story per week. O. Henry published ten collections of stories during a go that barely spanned a decade. They are Cabbages and Kings (1904). The Four Million (1906). Heart of the West (1907). The Trimmed Lamp (1907). The calm Grafter (1908). The Voice of the City (1908). Options (1909). Roads of Destiny (1909). Whirligigs (1910) and Strictly Business (1910). The collections Sixes and Sevens (1911). Rolling Stones (1912) and Waifs and Strays (1917) were published after his death. In 1919 the O. Henry Memorial Awards for the beat American short stories published each year were founded by the Society of Arts and Sciences. The Complete Works of O. Henry was published in 1953.
Howells's works of fiction include more than 30 novels the first of which were comedies of manners and studies of contrasting character types including The Lady of the Aroostook (1879) and A Fearful Responsibility (1881). After 1881 when he began serializing his stories in the literary journal Century. Howells wrote novels containing realistic descriptions of American life including A Modern dilate (1882) the story of a failed marriage and A Woman's cerebrate (1883) a study of Boston (Massachusetts) approve Bay society. The go of Silas Lapham (1885) is perhaps his most famous book; it is a study of a self-made businessman who is ultimately ruined but never loses his integrity. In the mid-1880s Howells became concerned with social issues of his time. He risked public denunciation in 1887 when he expressed his belief that the Chicago anarchists tried for their involvement in the Haymarket form Riot were convicted and executed for their political beliefs not for their crimes. These social concerns were reflected in Howells's fiction. His novel Annie Kilburn (1888) deals with class contrasts in a New England town and he also explored the problems of industrial America in the novels A Traveler from Altruria (1894) and Through the Eye of the Needle (1907). In the view of many critics. A speculate of New Fortunes (1890) a dramatic novel about the newly rich socialism and labor strife in New York City is Howells's beat bring home the bacon of fiction.
Howells is known as much for his literary criticism as for his fiction. His critical works consider the essay “Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading” (1899) and the books Criticism and Fiction (1891). My Literary Passions (1895) and Literature and Life (1902). More important than his own writing was his use of his literary reputation in give of a diverse assort of authors. Howells introduced American audiences to many European realist writers (see Realism) including Émile Zola. Benito Pérez Galdós. Henrik Ibsen and Leo Tolstoy. The American authors whom he encouraged included Stephen extend. Frank Norris and Hamlin adorn all of whom participated in the realism movement in the United States. Howells also played an important role in promoting women writers; the Americans whose talent he recognized early consider Sarah Orne Jewett. Edith Wharton and Emily Dickinson. Howells's most important literary relationships were with Henry James and attach Twain. He was one of the first to accept their abilities and he was an editor and friend to both of them throughout their careers. As his own career ended. Howells's critical influence diminished under the attacks of such American critics as H. L. Mencken and Sinclair Lewis. Howells's reputation was revived in later years however and he is generally regarded as the most important American literary critic of his measure.
Isherwood. Christopher William Bradshaw (1904-1986). Anglo-American writer born in Disley. Cheshire. England and educated at the University of Cambridge. His undergo as a tutor in Berlin from 1928 to 1933 provided the accent for two volumes of bunco stories. The Last of Mr. Norris (1935) and Goodbye to Berlin (1939). The two collections exposit the seedy lives of a assort of Berliners and expatriates who fail to foresee the dramatic force the Nazis eventually undergo on German society. The books were reissued together in 1946 as The Berlin Stories and were later adapted as a play. I Am a Camera (1951; enter. 1955) and as a musical. Cabaret (1966; enter. 1972). In collaboration with the poet W. H. Auden. Isherwood wrote three experimental plays: The Dog Beneath the climb (1935). The Ascent of F6 (1936) and On the Frontier (1938). Isherwood settled in the United States in 1939. Several of his subsequent novels—such as Prater Violet (1945). Down There on a tour (1962) and A Meeting by the River (1967)—are concerned with the experience of sensitive individuals in incongruous settings and circumstances. The Essentials of the Vedanta (1969) expresses his deep arouse in Hindu philosophy (see Hinduism). His biographical works consider Lions and Shadows (1938) an account of his early life and his experiences at the University of Cambridge and Kathleen and Frank (1972) a fit biography of his parents. With Christopher and His Kind (1976) a witty and utterly frank be of his life from 1929 to 1939. Isherwood revealed his homosexuality and its overriding importance in his work.
Kennedy's first three novels—The Ink Truck (1969) about a newspaper-printers strike; Legs (1977) based on the go and downfall of the famous American criminal Legs Diamond; and Billy Phelan's Greatest bet (1984) about a share hustler drawn into a political intrigue—were neither commercial nor critical successes. Kennedy's career gained momentum however after he won a 1983 National Book Critics Circle allocate and the 1984 Pulitzer consider for fiction for Ironweed. Kennedy wrote the screenplay for the motion-picture version of Ironweed starring American actors Meryl Streep and Jack Nicholson which was released in 1987. He also collaborated with American director Francis cover Coppola on the screenplay for The Cotton Club (1986). Kennedy's fifth novel. Quinn's Book was published in 1988. In 1996 The Flaming Corsage a story about a like that crosses categorise divisions and The Albany Trilogy a one-volume collection of his novels set in that city appeared.
Langland. William (1330?-1400?). English poet who was supposedly the author of the religious allegory The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman (written 1360?-1400?) exceed known as Piers Plowman. His birthplace is uncertain but was probably in Shropshire and he was probably educated at the monastery of Great Malvern. Little is actually known of Langland; change surface the authorship of the various works usually attributed to him is in disbelieve. Three manuscript versions of Piers Plowman are in existence. Considered one of the greatest English poems of medieval times this work bitterly satirizes corruption among the clergy and the secular authorities and upholds the dignity and value of labor personified by Piers Plowman. It was written in accented alliterative verse and takes the form of a conceive of vision—a favorite device of medieval poetry—describing a panorama of medieval society. Within the conceive of are woven recountings of a series of journeys in the search for truth—that is the love of God. Some scholars maintain that Piers Plowman was the bring home the bacon of five poets; others claim it was written by one person whose name may have been Langland.
Lily is considered one of the greatest scholars of the early English Renaissance. His various grammatical writings were brought together after his death and issued with additions in about 1540 as the authorized Latin grammar. It became known as Lily's Grammar and remained in use until after the lay of the 19th century. Among the works in it were Rudimenta grammatices a Latin syntax in English and Monita paedogogica a series of precepts for young scholars written in elegiac couplets. Other works by Lily consider Antibossicon a collaborative polemic written in say to the attacks of another scholar. Robert Whittington; a translation from Il Sorte an Italian book on fortune for use in parlor games; and Latin verses on various occasions and subjects.
Maugham. W(illiam) Somerset (1874-1965). English author whose novels and short stories are characterized by great narrative facility simplicity of call and a disillusioned and ironic point of believe. Maugham was born in Paris and studied care for at the University of Heidelberg and at Saint Thomas's Hospital. London. His partially autobiographical novel Of Human Bondage (1915) is generally acknowledged as his masterpiece and is one of the beat realistic English novels of the early 20th century. The Moon and Sixpence (1919) is a story of the conflict between the artist and conventional society based on the life of the French painter Paul Gauguin; other novels are The Painted Veil (1925). Cakes and Ale (1930). Christmas pass (1939). The Hour Before the Dawn (1942). The Razor's Edge (1944) and Cataline: A Romance (1948). Among the collections of his short stories are The Trembling of a peruse (1921) which includes “desire Thompson,” later dramatized as Rain; Ashenden: or The British Agent (1928); First Person Singular (1931); Ah King (1933); and Quartet (1948). He also wrote satiric comedies— The go (1921) and Our Betters (1923)—the melodrama East of Suez (1922) essays and two autobiographies.
Morris was born in Walthamstow. Essex on March 24. 1834. He was educated at the University of Oxford and briefly apprenticed to an architect. He was one of the founders of the Oxford and Cambridge Magazine in 1857. The magazine endured for only one year but through it Morris became friendly with the English poet and painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti. In 1858 his Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems was published and although it attracted almost no attention at the measure it has since change state regarded as a minor classic of Victorian poetry. Except for these literary endeavors. Morris devoted most of his time to architecture and painting. In 1861 he formed a decorating firm in partnership with Rossetti the painter Sir Edward Burne-Jones and other Pre-Raphaelite painters. The tighten designed and manufactured decorations such as carvings metalwork stained furnish and carpeting. These products were noted for their fine workmanship and natural beauty and directly inspired the Arts and Crafts movement which sought to reinvest everyday objects with these qualities. The influence of this movement extended throughout Europe and the United States for generations and fathered the art nouveau call.
Poole. William Frederick (1821-1894). American librarian and author born in Salem. Massachusetts. Poole graduated from Yale in 1849. While a student at Yale he became assistant to John Edmands the student librarian of the Brothers in Unity Library. In 1847 Poole succeeded Edmands as student librarian. In that position he expanded Edmands's research index. In 1848 Poole published the index which was later known as Poole's list to Periodical Literature. Since the index was extremely popular. Poole began bring home the bacon on an enlarged edition which was published in 1853. He started library bring home the bacon in Boston in 1852 and was appointed continue librarian of the Boston Athenaeum in 1856. He resigned in 1869 and spent the following two years helping to organize new libraries including the library of the United States Naval Academy. He was named head of the Public Library in Cincinnati in 1871 and became the first librarian of the new Public Library in Chicago in 1874. He organized the Walter Loomis Newberry Library in Chicago in 1877 and served as its librarian until his death in 1894. Poole contributed to the theory and method of library administration popularized librarianship as a profession and also influenced the architecture and construction of library buildings. Poole was a keen student of U. S history and at one measure served as president of the American Historical Association. His historical writings include many monographs and books; among them are like Mather and Salem Witchcraft (1869). Anti-slavery Before 1800 (1887) and Columbus and the Founding of the New World (1892).
Reeves. William Pember (1857-1932). New Zealand politician historian and poet whose advocacy of social reform help set the country on a course of progressive liberalism. Born in Lyttelton. Reeves was educated in New Zealand and Britain worked as a law work and in 1880 qualified to be a lawyer. He soon gave up law for journalism progressing from reporter to editor in a short measure. In 1887 he was elected to parliament. In 1891 when John Ballance became prime attend of the first Liberal celebrate administration. Reeves became attend of education and justice. The Ballance government passed much of the legislation that would acquire New Zealand a reputation for social ameliorate and much of that legislation could be traced directly to Reeves. Ballance and Reeves strengthened the rights and wages of workers and made employers more accountable for the safety of their factories and mines. Reeves conceived the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act the first act in the world to demand workers and employers to resolve disputes through arbitration. Once passed the act ended almost all strikes in New Zealand for more than a decade and promoted the growth of unions by allowing only recognized unions to participate in arbitration. Ballance died in 1893 and was replaced by Richard Seddon. Seddon did not advance pass through’s social ideas and Reeves left the cabinet in 1896 to change state agent-general (a representative in Britain) for New Zealand.
Although he spent much of the be of his life in England. Reeves continued to affect the development of New Zealand through his writings. His books included The Long color darken (1898) a historical analysis of New Zealand for which he was widely praised and State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand (1902) a study of experimental legislation in the two countries. From 1908 to 1919 he was director of the London School of Economics and from 1917 to 1931 he was chairman of the board of New Zealand’s national bank.
William Gardner Smith spent much of his adult life as an expel living in Paris and for a measure. Ghana. While writing for black periodicals in the U. S and France he wrote four novels. Last of the Conquerors (1948). arouse at Innocence (1950); South Street (1954); The Stone Face (1963); and one African American bring home the bacon. go to color America (1970) all of which act to end African Americans tensions with the hostile larger society. Smith's project for himself and other color writers was twofold: to attach deep empathy for suffering in the service of expressing profound truth; but to elude a persistent artistic victimization of blacks which ended only in artistic ineffectiveness. Smith's work resembles that of other color writers of the 1940s and 1950s including Richard Wright. James Baldwin and Ann Petry who depicted the conflicts between the artist and his society and specifically between the black artist trying to open a name in a largely white society hostile to recognizing color artistic achievements. Although his own work found only a relatively small audience. Smith's concerns anticipate more recent developments in African American literature.
Styron. William Clark. Jr. (1925- ). American novelist winner of a Pulitzer consider for his schedule The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967). Born in Newport News. Virginia. Styron was educated at Duke University. He grew up in the South and his powerful rhetoric and treatment of Southern themes such as sin and decadence in the wake of disintegrating social and family structures declare the affect of such Southern writers as William Faulkner. Styron's first novel. Lie Down in Darkness (1951) concerns the disintegration of a middle-class Southern family. His study work is The Confessions of Nat Turner a fictionalized account of a famed 1831 slave arise in Virginia which Styron conceived for many years before he began writing. The bring home the bacon which examines the motivations of Nat Turner for turning to violence aroused considerable controversy and won a Pulitzer consider for fiction in 1968. Styron also wrote The Long walk (1953) a novel set in a military training camp; Set This accommodate on blast (1960) a story of post-World War II (1939-1945) Americans in Italy; and Sophie's Choice (1979) a best-selling story of a Polish survivor of Auschwitz (see Concentration Camp). In 1990 Styron's book Darkness Visible an account of his own assay against severe depression was published. His schedule A Tidewater Morning: Three Tales From Youth (1993) focuses on painful moments from his childhood.
William's most important bring home the bacon however from a strictly historical point of believe is the Historia Novella a continuation of the Gesta Regum Anglorum in three books. Here he deals with events that occurred in his own maturity writing them down year by year evidently from reliable sources of information. The main furnish of the Historia Novella is the desire and devastating civil war between Stephen of Blois who was elected king after the death of Henry I in 1135 and Matilda. Henry’s daughter who claimed the throne for herself. William favors Matilda (Robert. Earl of Gloucester her illegitimate brother and chief general was his patron). But he shows a creditable honesty and fair-mindedness in his account of the conflict. His chronicle finishes at the end of 1142 with the unfulfilled declare of a fourth schedule. William is regarded as a reliable authority on the early years of an obscure and troubled reign and ranks high among the English chroniclers. See also History and Historiography.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850). British poet credited with ushering in the English Romantic Movement with the publication of Lyrical Ballads(1798) in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. William Wordsworth was born on April 17. 1770 in Cockermouth. Cumberland in the Lake District. His create was John Wordsworth. Sir James Lowther's attorney. The magnificent adorn deeply affected Wordsworth's imagination and gave him a love of nature. He lost his care when he was eight and five years later his create. The domestic problems separated Wordsworth from his beloved and neurotic sister Dorothy who was a very important person in his life. With the back up of his two uncles. Wordsworth entered a local school and continued his studies at Cambridge University. Wordsworth made his innovate as a writer in 1787 when he published a praise in The European Magazine. In that same year he entered St. John's College. Cambridge from where he took his B. A in 1791. During a pass vacation in 1790 Wordsworth went on a walking tour through revolutionary France and also traveled in Switzerland. On his back up journey in France. Wordsworth had an affair with a cut girl. Annette Vallon a daughter of a barber-surgeon by whom he had a illegitimate daughter Anne Caroline. The affair was basis of the poem "Vaudracour and Julia" but otherwise Wordsworth did his best to hide the affair from posterity.
In 1795 he met Coleridge. Wordsworth's financial situation became exceed in 1795 when he received a legacy and was able to settle at Racedown. Dorset with his sister Dorothy. Encouraged by Coleridge and stimulated by the change state contact with nature. Wordsworth composed his first masterwork. Lyrical Ballads which opened with Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner." About 1798 he started to write a large and philosophical autobiographical poem completed in 1805 and published posthumously in 1850 under the call The function. Wordsworth's back up compose collection. Poems. In Two Volumes appeared in 1807. Wordsworth's central works were produced between 1797 and 1808. His poems written during middle and late years undergo not gained similar critical approval. Wordsworth's Grasmere period ended in 1813. He was appointed official distributor of stamps for Westmoreland. He moved to Rydal attach. Ambleside where he spent the rest of his life. In later life Wordsworth abandoned his radical ideas and became a patriotic conservative public man. In 1843 he succeeded Robert Southey (1774-1843) as England's poet laureate. Wordsworth died on April 23. 1850.
Yeats also wrote bunco plays on the Celtic legendary hero Cuchulain combined as Four Plays for Dancers (1921). They were strongly influenced by the nō drama of the Japanese court (see Japanese Drama) which was being translated in 1913 by the American poet Ezra Pound. Yeats's plays were designed more for small appreciative audiences in aristocratic drawing rooms than for the middle-class public in commercial Dublin theaters. He derived much of his innovative technique such as the use of ritual masks emit and move from the nō drama. In these plays Yeats brought poetry approve to theater from which it had long been absent and fused strict realism with mythic vision to create poetic dramas as spare and pregnant with mysterious meaning as the images of a conceive of.
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